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ekosistem:hama [2025/07/16 04:30] – created Jihan Sarotamaekosistem:hama [2025/07/16 06:55] (current) – [Hama Umum di Lahan Gambut] Jihan Sarotama
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 Hama merupakan komponen biologis yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem, terutama ketika kondisi lingkungan mengalami perubahan drastis. Di ekosistem lahan gambut, kemunculan hama seperti serangga pemakan daun, jamur patogen, dan mikroba invasif sering kali merupakan respons ekologis terhadap gangguan habitat, seperti pengeringan, pembakaran, atau konversi lahan menjadi pertanian intensif. Gangguan ini mengubah struktur vegetasi, kelembapan tanah, dan mikroklimat, sehingga menciptakan kondisi yang mendukung proliferasi organisme pengganggu. Misalnya, jamur patogen dan mikroba oportunistik cenderung berkembang di gambut yang terdegradasi karena perubahan pH dan kadar oksigen yang memicu dekomposisi cepat bahan organik (Elliott et al., 2015; Atapattu et al., 2023). Selain itu, serangga hama seperti rayap (//Coptotermes spp.//) dapat menjadi ancaman serius dalam program revegetasi, karena mereka menyerang pohon-pohon muda yang ditanam untuk restorasi (Neoh et al., 2023). Studi juga menunjukkan bahwa degradasi gambut dapat meningkatkan risiko penyakit zoonotik melalui perubahan populasi vektor seperti kutu dan tikus (Gilbert, 2013). Hama merupakan komponen biologis yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem, terutama ketika kondisi lingkungan mengalami perubahan drastis. Di ekosistem lahan gambut, kemunculan hama seperti serangga pemakan daun, jamur patogen, dan mikroba invasif sering kali merupakan respons ekologis terhadap gangguan habitat, seperti pengeringan, pembakaran, atau konversi lahan menjadi pertanian intensif. Gangguan ini mengubah struktur vegetasi, kelembapan tanah, dan mikroklimat, sehingga menciptakan kondisi yang mendukung proliferasi organisme pengganggu. Misalnya, jamur patogen dan mikroba oportunistik cenderung berkembang di gambut yang terdegradasi karena perubahan pH dan kadar oksigen yang memicu dekomposisi cepat bahan organik (Elliott et al., 2015; Atapattu et al., 2023). Selain itu, serangga hama seperti rayap (//Coptotermes spp.//) dapat menjadi ancaman serius dalam program revegetasi, karena mereka menyerang pohon-pohon muda yang ditanam untuk restorasi (Neoh et al., 2023). Studi juga menunjukkan bahwa degradasi gambut dapat meningkatkan risiko penyakit zoonotik melalui perubahan populasi vektor seperti kutu dan tikus (Gilbert, 2013).
  
-{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/rayap.jpg?nolink&300x200  }}<imcaption image1|Rayap></imgcaption>+{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/rayap.jpg?nolink&300x200  |rayap.jpg}}<imgcaption image1|Rayap (Coptotermes spp.)></imgcaption> 
  
 ===== Hama Umum di Lahan Gambut ===== ===== Hama Umum di Lahan Gambut =====
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 Wereng coklat (//Nilaparvata lugens//) merupakan hama penting pada padi di wilayah gambut pertanian. Serangga ini menyerang bagian pangkal batang dan menghisap cairan tanaman, menyebabkan gejala “//hopperburn//” dan penurunan hasil panen. Selain itu, wereng coklat juga menjadi vektor penyakit virus seperti //Rice Ragged Stunt Virus //dan //Rice Grassy Stunt Virus.// Wereng coklat (//Nilaparvata lugens//) merupakan hama penting pada padi di wilayah gambut pertanian. Serangga ini menyerang bagian pangkal batang dan menghisap cairan tanaman, menyebabkan gejala “//hopperburn//” dan penurunan hasil panen. Selain itu, wereng coklat juga menjadi vektor penyakit virus seperti //Rice Ragged Stunt Virus //dan //Rice Grassy Stunt Virus.//
  
-//{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/nilaparvatalugens.jpg?nolink&306x200  }}//<imcaption image2|Wereng Coklat (//Nilaparvata lugens//)></imgcaption>+//{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/nilaparvatalugens.jpg?nolink&306x200  |nilaparvatalugens.jpg}}//<imgcaption image2|Wereng Coklat (Nilaparvata lugens)></imgcaption>
  
 Penggerek batang (//Scirpophaga spp//.), seperti //Scirpophaga incertulas// dan //Scirpophaga innotata//, menyerang batang padi dengan cara melubangi jaringan dalam batang, menyebabkan gejala “//dead heart//” dan “//white head//” yang berdampak langsung pada produktivitas tanaman. Serangan biasanya meningkat pada fase generatif tanaman padi dan dipengaruhi oleh kelembapan serta keberadaan tanaman inang alternatif. Penggerek batang (//Scirpophaga spp//.), seperti //Scirpophaga incertulas// dan //Scirpophaga innotata//, menyerang batang padi dengan cara melubangi jaringan dalam batang, menyebabkan gejala “//dead heart//” dan “//white head//” yang berdampak langsung pada produktivitas tanaman. Serangan biasanya meningkat pada fase generatif tanaman padi dan dipengaruhi oleh kelembapan serta keberadaan tanaman inang alternatif.
  
-{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/penggerekbatang.jpeg?nolink&302x200  }}+{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/penggerekbatang.jpeg?nolink&302x200  |penggerekbatang.jpeg}}
  
-<imcaption image3|Penggerek Batang (//Scirpophaga incertulas//)></imgcaption>+<imgcaption image3|Penggerek Batang (Scirpophaga incertulas)></imgcaption>
  
 Tikus sawah (//Rattus argentiventer//) aktif di sistem rawa irigasi dan menjadi hama utama di ekosistem padi. Tikus ini memakan benih, batang, dan malai padi, serta berkembang biak dengan cepat di lingkungan yang menyediakan cukup makanan dan tempat berlindung. Intensitas serangan meningkat pada fase generatif padi dan dapat menyebabkan kerugian hingga 20% atau lebih. Tikus sawah (//Rattus argentiventer//) aktif di sistem rawa irigasi dan menjadi hama utama di ekosistem padi. Tikus ini memakan benih, batang, dan malai padi, serta berkembang biak dengan cepat di lingkungan yang menyediakan cukup makanan dan tempat berlindung. Intensitas serangan meningkat pada fase generatif padi dan dapat menyebabkan kerugian hingga 20% atau lebih.
  
-{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/gambar-tikus-sawah.jpg?nolink&300x200  }}+{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/gambar-tikus-sawah.jpg?nolink&300x200  |gambar-tikus-sawah.jpg}}
  
-<imcaption image4|Tikus Sawah (//Rattus argentiventer//)></imgcaption>+\\ 
 +​​​​​<imgcaption image4|Tikus Sawah (Rattus argentiventer)></imgcaption>
  
-Jamur patogen seperti  //Fusarium //muncul terutama pada tanah gambut yang kering atau rusak. Patogen ini menyebabkan penyakit busuk akar dan pangkal batang, serta dapat bertahan lama di dalam tanah. Kondisi tanah yang tidak stabil, seperti perubahan kelembapan ekstrem, mempercepat perkembangan patogen ini dan meningkatkan risiko penyakit tanaman.+Jamur patogen seperti //Fusarium //muncul terutama pada tanah gambut yang kering atau rusak. Patogen ini menyebabkan penyakit busuk akar dan pangkal batang, serta dapat bertahan lama di dalam tanah. Kondisi tanah yang tidak stabil, seperti perubahan kelembapan ekstrem, mempercepat perkembangan patogen ini dan meningkatkan risiko penyakit tanaman.
  
-{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/fusarium_verticillioides.jpg?nolink&  }}+{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/fusarium_verticillioides.jpg?nolink&298x200  |fusarium_verticillioides.jpg}}
  
-<imcaption image5|//Fusarium sp.//></imgcaption>+<imgcaption image5|Fusarium sp.></imgcaption>
  
 Serta siput gondang emas (//Pomacea canaliculata//) menjadi ancaman serius di lahan gambut yang tergenang. Siput ini memakan daun tanaman muda, terutama padi, dan dapat menyebabkan kegagalan persemaian. Populasinya meningkat pesat di lingkungan air yang tenang dan hangat, serta sulit dikendalikan tanpa pendekatan terpadu Serta siput gondang emas (//Pomacea canaliculata//) menjadi ancaman serius di lahan gambut yang tergenang. Siput ini memakan daun tanaman muda, terutama padi, dan dapat menyebabkan kegagalan persemaian. Populasinya meningkat pesat di lingkungan air yang tenang dan hangat, serta sulit dikendalikan tanpa pendekatan terpadu
  
-{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/pornaceacanalliculata.jpg?nolink&286x200  }}+{{  https://wikigambut.id/lib/plugins/ckgedit/fckeditor/userfiles/image/pornaceacanalliculata.jpg?nolink&286x200  |pornaceacanalliculata.jpg}}
  
-<imcaption image6|//Pornacea canaliculata.//></imgcaption>+<imgcaption image6|Pornacea canaliculata></imgcaption>
 ===== Hubungan dengan Kondisi Gambut ===== ===== Hubungan dengan Kondisi Gambut =====
  
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 ===== Pustaka ===== ===== Pustaka =====
  
-Elliott, D. R., Caporn, S. J. M., Nwaishi, F., Nilsson, R. H., & Sen, R. (2015). Bacterial and fungal communities in a degraded ombrotrophic peatland undergoing natural and managed re-vegetation. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0124726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124726+Elliott, D. R., Caporn, S. J. M., Nwaishi, F., Nilsson, R. H., & Sen, R. (2015). Bacterial and fungal communities in a degraded ombrotrophic peatland undergoing natural and managed re-vegetation. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0124726. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124726|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124726]]
  
-Atapattu, G., Obeng, S. A., Battersby, T., Giltrap, M., & Tian, F. (2023). Effect of ‘peatland-use’ type on culturable microbial groups in Irish peatlands in the Midlands. Land, 12(8), 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081614+Atapattu, G., Obeng, S. A., Battersby, T., Giltrap, M., & Tian, F. (2023). Effect of ‘peatland-use’ type on culturable microbial groups in Irish peatlands in the Midlands. Land, 12(8), 1614. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081614|https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081614]]
  
-Neoh, K. B., Muhammad, A., Itoh, M., & Kozan, O. (2023). Termite: Friend or Foe? Conservation Values of Termites in Tropical Peat Systems. In Vulnerability and Transformation of Indonesian Peatlands (pp. 105–121). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_6+Neoh, K. B., Muhammad, A., Itoh, M., & Kozan, O. (2023). Termite: Friend or Foe? Conservation Values of Termites in Tropical Peat Systems. In Vulnerability and Transformation of Indonesian Peatlands (pp. 105–121). Springer. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_6|https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_6]]
  
-Gilbert, L. (2013). Can restoration of afforested peatland regulate pests and disease? Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(5), 1226–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12141+Gilbert, L. (2013). Can restoration of afforested peatland regulate pests and disease? Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(5), 1226–1233. [[https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12141|https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12141]]
  
-Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N., & Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3, 430–439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y+Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N., & Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3, 430–439. [[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y|https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y]]
  
-Heong, K. L., & Hardy, B. (Eds.). (2009). Planthoppers: New threats to the sustainability of intensive rice production systems in Asia. International Rice Research Institute. \\ +Heong, K. L., & Hardy, B. (Eds.). (2009). Planthoppers: New threats to the sustainability of intensive rice production systems in Asia. International Rice Research Institute.\\ 
-https://books.irri.org/9789712202476_content.pdf+[[https://books.irri.org/9789712202476_content.pdf|https://books.irri.org/9789712202476_content.pdf]]
  
-Jahn, G. C., Almazan, L. P., & Pacia, J. B. (2005). Effect of rice bug (Leptocorisa oratorius) on rice yield and quality. Crop Protection, 24(7), 673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.11.004+Jahn, G. C., Almazan, L. P., & Pacia, J. B. (2005). Effect of rice bug (Leptocorisa oratorius) on rice yield and quality. Crop Protection, 24(7), 673–680. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.11.004|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.11.004]]
  
-Neoh, K. B., Muhammad, A., Itoh, M., & Kozan, O. (2023). Termite: Friend or Foe? Conservation Values of Termites in Tropical Peat Systems. In Vulnerability and Transformation of Indonesian Peatlands (pp. 105–121). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_6+Neoh, K. B., Muhammad, A., Itoh, M., & Kozan, O. (2023). Termite: Friend or Foe? Conservation Values of Termites in Tropical Peat Systems. In Vulnerability and Transformation of Indonesian Peatlands (pp. 105–121). Springer. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_6|https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_6]]
  
-Elliott, D. R., Caporn, S. J. M., Nwaishi, F., Nilsson, R. H., & Sen, R. (2015). Bacterial and fungal communities in a degraded ombrotrophic peatland undergoing natural and managed re-vegetation. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0124726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124726+Elliott, D. R., Caporn, S. J. M., Nwaishi, F., Nilsson, R. H., & Sen, R. (2015). Bacterial and fungal communities in a degraded ombrotrophic peatland undergoing natural and managed re-vegetation. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0124726. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124726|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124726]]
  
-Atapattu, G., Obeng, S. A., Battersby, T., Giltrap, M., & Tian, F. (2023). Effect of ‘peatland-use’ type on culturable microbial groups in Irish peatlands in the Midlands. Land, 12(8), 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081614 \\ +Atapattu, G., Obeng, S. A., Battersby, T., Giltrap, M., & Tian, F. (2023). Effect of ‘peatland-use’ type on culturable microbial groups in Irish peatlands in the Midlands. Land, 12(8), 1614. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081614|https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081614]]\\ 
-Wasis, B., Saharjo, B. H., & Putra, E. I. (2019). Impacts of peat fire on soil flora and fauna, soil properties and environmental damage in Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(6), 1770–1775. Retrieved from http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D2006/D200639.pdf+Wasis, B., Saharjo, B. H., & Putra, E. I. (2019). Impacts of peat fire on soil flora and fauna, soil properties and environmental damage in Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(6), 1770–1775. Retrieved from [[http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D2006/D200639.pdf|http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D2006/D200639.pdf]]
  
-Wu, X., Cao, R., Wei, X., Xi, X., Shi, P., Eisenhauer, N., & Sun, S. (2017). Soil drainage facilitates earthworm invasion and subsequent carbon loss from peatland soil. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54(5), 1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12894+Wu, X., Cao, R., Wei, X., Xi, X., Shi, P., Eisenhauer, N., & Sun, S. (2017). Soil drainage facilitates earthworm invasion and subsequent carbon loss from peatland soil. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54(5), 1291–1300. [[https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12894|https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12894]]
  
-Dohong, A., Abdul Aziz, A., & Dargusch, P. (2018). A review of techniques for effective tropical peatland restoration. Wetlands, 38, 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1017-6+Dohong, A., Abdul Aziz, A., & Dargusch, P. (2018). A review of techniques for effective tropical peatland restoration. Wetlands, 38, 275–292. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1017-6|https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1017-6]]
  
-Cahya, M., Suwignyo, R. A., Sodikin, E., & Baral, H. (2022). Increasing rice productivity in degraded peatlands using improved planting methods and rice varieties. Biovalentia: Biological Research Journal, 8(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22894.43844+Cahya, M., Suwignyo, R. A., Sodikin, E., & Baral, H. (2022). Increasing rice productivity in degraded peatlands using improved planting methods and rice varieties. Biovalentia: Biological Research Journal, 8(1), 69–78. [[https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22894.43844|https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22894.43844]]
  
-May, R. M., & Hassell, M. P. (1981). Population dynamics and biological control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 291(1054), 169–208. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2396691+May, R. M., & Hassell, M. P. (1981). Population dynamics and biological control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 291(1054), 169–208. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2396691|https://www.jstor.org/stable/2396691]]
  
-Nursyamsi, D., Noor, M., & Maftu’ah, E. (2016). Peatland management for sustainable agriculture. In Tropical Peatland Ecosystems (pp. 493–511). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_34+Nursyamsi, D., Noor, M., & Maftu’ah, E. (2016). Peatland management for sustainable agriculture. In Tropical Peatland Ecosystems (pp. 493–511). Springer. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_34|https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_34]]
  
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-Zohry, A., & Ouda, S. (2018). Crop rotation defeats pests and weeds. In Crop Rotation (pp. 77–88). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05351-2_5+Zohry, A., & Ouda, S. (2018). Crop rotation defeats pests and weeds. In Crop Rotation (pp. 77–88). Springer. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05351-2_5|https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05351-2_5]]
  
  
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